"DDB making history in digital communications" Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx, in Castilian also known as Karl Marx (Trier, Germany, May 5, 1818 - London, UK, March 14, 1883) was an intellectual and German communist militant Jewish. His vast and influential work, he worked in the fields of philosophy, history, sociology and economics. Together with Friedrich Engels, is the father of scientific socialism, communism and Marxism modern. His most famous writings are the Communist Manifesto (co-authored with Engels) and the book The Capital. A founding member of the League of Communists (1847-1850) and First International (1864-1872).
[edit] Biography
The birthplace of Karl Marx in Trier.
Karl Marx was the third of seven children of a middle-class Jewish family. Her father, Herschel Mordechai (After Heinrich) Marx, who was descended from a long line of rabbis, a barrister in Trier, his hometown. He was also Minister of Justice, but received strong political pressure, by the Prussian authorities forbade him to continue with their legal practices according to their religion and forced to embrace Protestantism in order to maintain the position in the administration of the Rhineland. His mother was Henrietta Pressburg, was born in the Netherlands, and his siblings were Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie and Caroline.
He studied law at Bonn University but left to study philosophy at Berlin. It Ph.D. in 1841 in Jena with a thesis entitled The difference between the natural philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. He soon became involved in the development of work relating to social reality, working in 1842 with Bruno Bauer on the issue of the Gazette Renana (Rheinische Zeitung), publication of which he soon became editor. During this period he also attended the gathering philosophical books (Die Freien). The publication eventually be operated by the censors, and then, Marx had to go into exile.
[edit] The Paris period
Besides Ruge in Paris based Franco-German Annals (Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher), of which he was director, although for a short time since the French government closed the Prussian government pressure. In 1844, in Paris, Marx meets and becomes friends with Friedrich Engels, who will become its main partner and also will provide financial support multiple times due to economic hardship that his family is subjected because of the possibility of their income . Also known in France with other major contemporary social thinkers such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc and Mikhail Bakunin and the German poet Heinrich Heine. He wrote his theoretical reflections of that time in a series of workbooks that posthumously were published as the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. Moreover, the political weight of his newspaper articles won him fame as a revolutionary, leading to his expulsion from France.
[edit] The period from Brussels and the Manifesto
Established in Brussels, he founded the League of Communists, after which it is declared a stateless person, an atheist and revolutionary. After the revolutionary period of 1848 and the publication of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, co-authored with Engels, he moved to Cologne, where he organizes a new journal, "New Rhenish Gazette" (Neue Rheinische Zeitung). His new publication reaches an immediate success in the context of an era of strong social sense and revolutionary commitment. It is therefore forbidden by the government Rhine.
[edit] The period in London and Capital
K.
Marx in 1861 when Marx is now dedicated to writing one of his major works, The Capital, which develops in the reading rooms of the British Museum. The first volume of Capital does not see the light until 1867, after eighteen years of work.
addition, Marx participated in the founding and organization of the First International (September 28, 1864), known as the International Workers Association (IWA), participating actively in the discussions. He is charged with drafting the inaugural Call of the International and participates in the development of their status and other documents. Be instituted after the debate for a confrontation between Marx and Bakunin, ending with the expulsion of the latter in the Hague Congress of 1872 and the start of the International Bakunin sections. The latter, gathered at the Congress of Saint-Imier (Switzerland), would not recognize agreements refundarían The Hague and the International.
After the defeat of the Paris Commune of 1871, which was a heavy blow to the International, Marx withdrew from the political struggle and devoted himself to writing his thoughts. On March 14, 1883 died in London and his tomb in the cemetery Highgate.
[edit] Family life
Marx in 1882.
Karl Marx married Jenny von Westphalen, daughter of the Prussian interior minister, a childhood friend who is committed to being a student, but only managed to marry her after the death of her father, who opposed the relationship, and after getting some financial stability (if any) as director of the "Franco-German Annals." Experienced strong economic hardships due to the irregular income of Marx, political persecution (which censored and closed the magazines published) and constantly having to move country. Marx to Jenny von Westphalen had 6 children expected in 1849 and fourth in 1855 and had died three-Guido, and Edgar Franciska convulsions, bronchitis and tuberculosis would be the causes, the small, Eleonora Marx was part of the feminist movement and Laura Marx, she married the French socialist leader Paul Lafargue, and committed suicide with him in 1911.
Demouth Helene lived with them, who helped them with household chores and had an excellent relationship with the Marx family. He was especially close to Karl, so much so that it is assumed that had an illegitimate child with her that was recognized by Friedrich Engels as its own to avoid disputes within the marriage of Karl and Jenny.
Marx had a life dedicated staff extensively to study the various disciplines of thought and especially of philosophy and history which had never meant that economic stability, but always had a loyal and unconditional support of his friend Engels.
[edit] Thought
Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, with his daughters Laura, Eleanor and Jenny (June 1864)
Witness and victim of the first great crisis of capitalism (1830s) and the revolutions of 1848 Marx set out to develop an economic theory capable of providing explanations for the crisis, but also to compel the proletariat to participate in it actively to produce a revolutionary change.
Marx's work has been viewed in different ways. It includes works of economic theory and criticism, philosophical polemics, manifestos of political, workbooks and articles on current events of the nineteenth century. Many of his works were written with Engels. The main issues on which Marx worked were philosophical criticism, political criticism and the critique of political economy.
Some authors attempted to integrate the work of Marx and Engels in a philosophical system, Marxism, articulated around a philosophical approach called dialectical materialism. The principles of analysis Marxist reality have also been articulated in the so-called historical materialism and Marxist economics. Of historical materialism, which places the class struggle in the center of analysis, have used many twentieth-century social scientists, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, art theorists, etc. It has also been influential his theory of alienation.
Others, most notably Louis Althusser argued that Marx's writings do not form a coherent whole, but the author himself, to develop their critical thinking on political economy during the decade of 1850, got rid of his own philosophical consciousness earlier and began to work scientifically. From this perspective there would be no Marxist science, but a scientist, Karl Marx, who was a pioneer in understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing the functioning of modern society, especially with its reworking of the theory of value, and whose work summit was the Capital.
Marx's works have inspired numerous political organizations committed to overcoming capitalism. On the one hand, the interpretation should be noted that they have done the Leninists, who believe that a vanguard of the proletariat, organized in a revolutionary party, prepared, if necessary, to work underground, push the working class to seize power by force mass insurrection to overthrow their ancient and oppressive and dominant classes, the bourgeoisie and aristocracy, dispossessed of his control over the state apparatus and the means of production, and proceeding the construction of a workers 'state, in addition to instituting it as the ruling class, we can move forward toward socialism highly egalitarian society and solidarity, on the basis of workers' democracy and public ownership of the means of production, and strong cultural and productive development, with a planned economy can comfortably meet the main needs majority-and the disappearance of the division of society into classes, to get to communism and classless society without a state, based on a high level of civilization.
the other, which makes the social, originally opposed to revolutionary tactics and in favor of moving towards socialism through parliamentary reforms progressive (I must say that most social democratic parties have been slowly reforming its approach , to accept the market economy). Other theorists, such as the council communism are supporters of the seizure of power by self-organized working class and not by a party.
[edit] philosophical ideas
During his youth, and while it was in philosophy, Marx was influenced by German philosopher prevalent in Germany at that time, Hegel. This author took the method of dialectical thinking, which, in his words, put on his feet, signifying the passage of the dialectical idealism of spirit as a whole "constant dialectic of becoming" in which the synthesis, unlike Hegel, had not been done. In addition, continued use of the dialectical method to analyze the contradictions in the history of humanity and, specifically, that between capital and labor.
One interpretation of the development Marx's work, from the French Louis Althusser, believes that Marx's writings are divided into two aspects. This interpretation is important in Marxist exegesis, but also very controversial, and few authors remain to this day. Althusser finds two stages:
1 - Young Marx (to 1845) period when studying the alienation (or disposal) and ideology, from a close to humanism largely influenced by the philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach.
Marx asks and answers in Manuscripts of 1844:
What, then, is the alienation of labor? First, that labor is external to the worker, ie not part of his being that in his work, the worker does not affirm himself but denies himself, does not feel happy, but unfortunate, does not develop free physical and spiritual energy, but mortifies his body and ruins his mind. So the worker feels himself only outside work, and work out of it. Is at home when he does not work and when work is not his thing. His work is not well, voluntary but forced, forced labor. So it is not satisfying a need, but only a means to meet outside of work. Its alien character is clearly evident in the fact that as soon as there is no physical coercion or any other work is shunned like the plague. External labor, labor in which man alienates himself, is a work of self-sacrifice, of mortification. Ultimately, the worker shows the external character of labor in which this is not his, but another, that does not belong, in that when it does not belong to himself but to another. (...) It belongs to another, is the loss of self. [1]
parallel to these ideas describes the man with different concepts: it considers a real person of flesh and bone, is merely the result of economic history, a predicate for the production of the same story.
think the man is done by modifying the nature to meet their needs in a dialectical process in which the transformation of agent and patient is mutual transformation. Self-generation of man is a real process, historical - dialectical understanding of dialectics as a process and movement through synthetic overcoming contradictions.
When Marx speaks of 'reality' refers to the social and historical context to the world of man. Ensures that man is social relationships.
For Marx, what man is can not be determined from the spirit or idea but from the man himself, this is precisely what the real man, bodily, standing on the mainland. Man is not an abstract, out of the world but that man is in the world, this is the state and society.
freedom, choosing the ability to act is limited to historical factors, but at the same time, the engine of those where social and technical relations into crisis.
God, Philosophy and alienation in the state are thinking, alienation dependent economic alienation, Marx only considered for real alienation.
Overall, Marx defends the idea that poorer alignment sociohistorical man denying the possibility of changing aspects of areas where it is involved, causing a false consciousness of reality. However, this is a fact that can be deleted.
Politically, the German philosopher advocates a communist society. Among the alienated man (one that does not match itself) and the common man (who is finally equal to men) placed the transformative process. Only in communist society will be gone all alienation.
2 - mature Marx (1845-1875): According to Althusser, 1845, the year of The German Ideology and the Theses on Feuerbach, check the epistemological break (a concept borrowed from Gaston Bachelard). From which Marx broke with its previous stage, ideological philosophical, scientific and inaugurates a period in which economic and historical studies developed using the method of historical materialism. Althusser would say, Marx opens the continent history.
This is, essentially, the period of his magnum opus, Capital. Critique of Political Economy. Do not forget, on the other hand, the texts from which this book emerges: the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (which will be material to the first chapter of Capital) or the Grundrisse, which was very belated discovery talking on the continuities between Marx and his first step, and provided the ammunition for critics epistemological rupture. During its mature stage, Marx's work becomes more systematic and arise their most important economic concepts: the theory of value, exploitation and appropriation of surplus value, explanatory theory of capitalist crises.
However, other authors, including Erich Fromm, deny the "epistemological break" and argue that the idea of \u200b\u200balienation is fundamental throughout the thought of Karl Marx. Closest to humanity, does not consider that there is a young and an old Marx and asserting the continuity of his work around a concept of man and his alienation under capitalism.
[edit] Critics of Marx
The importance of Karl Marx in the intellectual and political landscape of the nineteenth century and its legacy in the twentieth century have led to numerous criticisms of his work and his person. In the nineteenth century, the main criticism came from intellectuals and labor movement organizations who held political views different from those of Marx. Among others, Bakunin, an anarchist and rival in the inspiration of the International, Marx considered authoritarian. [Citation needed]
During the last third of the nineteenth century, especially during the twentieth century, strength of Marxism in the intellectual and political organizations around the world led many conservative and liberal thinkers attempted to refute. Some critical focus on specific elements of Marx's work, while others are opposed to any versions of the Marxist canon made by the political and intellectual socialists or communists.
Shortly after the death of Marx, the Austrian economist Böhm-Bawerk published several essays on the subjective value, including Karl Marx and the Close of His System, 1896, where he proposed Capital and refute the theory of value Marxist work, while field theories of the economy. Already in the twentieth century, one of the most influential critics [citation needed] has been one of Karl Popper. In The Open Society and Its Enemies analyzed what he called 'prophecies' Marxists, he believed contradicted by history. Popper also wrote an essay critical of the "claims" of Marxism as a science of history, considering that engages in what he calls "historicism." [Citation needed]
At the level of personal criticism, the historian Paul Johnson engaged Intellectuals Marx a chapter of a book that emphasizes "personal pettiness" of many other luminaries intelectuales.1
[edit] See also
Scientific Socialism Communism
Masters of Marxism
suspected
Capital
Friedrich Engels Mao Tse Tung
Lenin Ernesto Guevara
[edit] References
↑ According to Paul Johnson, concepts and methodology Marxists have a strong charm for [the] spirit lacking rigor "(Johnson, Intellectuals, pg. 71), on the other side says (see op. Cit., pp. 83 et seq), "the 'facts' do not have a central role in Marx's work", but "are secondary, reinforcing previous conclusions reached by them independently," and that The Capital, Marx's masterpiece, "is a great sermon and sometimes incoherent, an assault on the industrial process and the principle of property held by a man who had conceived a strong but essentially irrational hatred against both" (Op. cit., Pg. 83)
[edit] References
[edit] Works of Karl Marx
First page of The Capital, the main work of Karl Marx.
difference between the natural philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus (1841)
On the Jewish Question (1843)
Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1844)
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844, published posthumously in 1932)
Theses on Feuerbach (1845, published posthumously)
Wage Labour and Capital (1845)
The Holy Family (in collaboration with Engels, 1845)
The German Ideology (with Engels, 1845, published posthumously)
The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)
Communist Manifesto (with Engels, 1848)
Circular of the Central Committee of Communist League (in collaboration with Engels, 1850)
The Class Struggles in France from 1848 to 1850 (written between January and November 1850)
18 Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1851-1852)
The revolutionary Spain [2] (written in 1854. First edition: New York Daily Tribune, 9 September 1854)
[Simón] Bolívar y Ponte (1858)
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)
technology capital, formal subsumption and real subsumption of the work process to the process of recovery. (Excerpts from the manuscript of 1861-1863)
Capital (1864 to 1877. Only the first book was completed by Marx)
General Statutes of the International Workers Association (1864)
Wages, Price and Profit (1865)
The Civil War in France (1870-1871)
of the resolutions of the Conference of Delegates of the International Workers Association (London, September 23, 1871) (in collaboration with Engels, 1871)
Critique of the Gotha Program (1875 , published posthumously)
[edit] Biographical Works of Karl Marx
Gemkow, Henrich (1975). Carlos Marx. Buenos Aires: Cartago.
Fernández Buey, Francisco (2004). Marx (no isms). Barcelona: El Viejo Topo.
Berlin, Isaiah (2000). Karl Marx: His Life and its environment. Madrid: Alianza.
Blumenberg, Werner (2000) (in English). Karl Marx: An Illustrated History. Verso.
Reiss, Edward (1997). A guide to understanding Marx. Madrid: Siglo XXI Editores Spain.
[edit] Works on the thought of Karl Marx
Althusser, Louis, For Marx and Reading Capital, both published by Siglo XXI.
Harnecker, Marta, The basic concepts of historical materialism. Siglo XXI. Introductory book Marx's theory.
LENIN, VI, Carlos Marx. Short text, informative style, which requires however a careful and critical reading.
LENIN, VI, The State and Revolution. A systematic reading about the Marxist texts on the state, theoretically and rigorously defined the notion of the socialist state or dictatorship of the proletariat as a transitional phase towards the extinction of the state or communist society. Essential.
LENIN, VI, The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism. These sources would be the materialism of the eighteenth century German philosophy, the British classical political economy and French utopian socialism.
LENIN, VI, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. In this work, Lenin declared: "Imperialism is capitalism in the development phase in which the dominance of monopolies and finance capital, has acquired signal importance the export of capital, has begun the distribution of the world by international trusts over the distribution of all the land between the major capitalist countries. A classic, it is however not engineering exports, as usual, at the juncture of the XXI century.
NEGRI, Antonio, Marx beyond Marx . Workbook on the Grundrisse. Madrid: Akal, 2001. a classic text of the most important authors from the Italian workers movement.
Ricoeur, P. (1999), Freud: an interpretation of culture, Mexico, Siglo XXI. First published in 1970. It's where you made the famous comparison of Marx, Nietzsche and Freud, being the three great nineteenth century authors than rationalism, and who called masters of suspicion.
Rubel, M., The state seen by Karl Marx.
Maximilien Rubel, Karl Marx. Testing of intellectual biography, Polity Press, 1970.
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